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Apache-2.0

史上最全经典排序算法总结(Java实现)

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查找和排序算法是算法的入门知识,其经典思想可以用于很多算法当中。因为其实现代码较短,应用较常见。所以在面试中经常会问到排序算法及其相关的问题。但万变不离其宗,只要熟悉了思想,灵活运用也不是难事。一般在面试中最常考的是快速排序和归并排序,并且经常有面试官要求现场写出这两种排序的代码。对这两种排序的代码一定要信手拈来才行。还有插入排序、冒泡排序、堆排序、基数排序、桶排序等。面试官对于这些排序可能会要求比较各自的优劣、各种算法的思想及其使用场景。还有要会分析算法的时间和空间复杂度。通常查找和排序算法的考察是面试的开始,如果这些问题回答不好,估计面试官都没有继续面试下去的兴趣都没了。所以想开个好头就要把常见的排序算法思想及其特点要熟练掌握,有必要时要熟练写出代码。下面主要介绍经典排序算法。

0、排序算法说明

0.1 排序的定义

对一序列对象根据某个关键字进行排序。

0.2 术语说明

  • 稳定:如果a原本在b前面,而a=b,排序之后a仍然在b的前面;
  • 不稳定:如果a原本在b的前面,而a=b,排序之后a可能会出现在b的后面;
  • 内排序:所有排序操作都在内存中完成;
  • 外排序:由于数据太大,因此把数据放在磁盘中,而排序通过磁盘和内存的数据传输才能进行;
  • 时间复杂度: 一个算法执行所耗费的时间。
  • 空间复杂度:运行完一个程序所需内存的大小。

0.3 算法总结

在这里插入图片描述

图片名词解释:

  • n: 数据规模
  • k: “桶”的个数
  • In-place: 占用常数内存,不占用额外内存
  • Out-place: 占用额外内存

0.4 算法分类

在这里插入图片描述

0.5 比较和非比较的区别

常见的快速排序、归并排序、堆排序、冒泡排序等属于比较排序在排序的最终结果里,元素之间的次序依赖于它们之间的比较。每个数都必须和其他数进行比较,才能确定自己的位置。冒泡排序之类的排序中,问题规模为n,又因为需要比较n次,所以平均时间复杂度为O(n²)。在归并排序、快速排序之类的排序中,问题规模通过分治法消减为logN次,所以时间复杂度平均O(nlogn)。 比较排序的优势是,适用于各种规模的数据,也不在乎数据的分布,都能进行排序。可以说,比较排序适用于一切需要排序的情况。

计数排序、基数排序、桶排序则属于非比较排序。非比较排序是通过确定每个元素之前,应该有多少个元素来排序。针对数组arr,计算arr[i]之前有多少个元素,则唯一确定了arr[i]在排序后数组中的位置。 非比较排序只要确定每个元素之前的已有的元素个数即可,所有一次遍历即可解决。算法时间复杂度O(n)非比较排序时间复杂度底,但由于非比较排序需要占用空间来确定唯一位置。所以对数据规模和数据分布有一定的要求。

1、冒泡排序(Bubble Sort)

冒泡排序

2、选择排序(Selection Sort)

选择排序

3、插入排序(Insertion Sort)

插入排序

4、希尔排序(Shell Sort)

希尔排序

5、归并排序(Merge Sort)

归并排序

6、快速排序(Quick Sort)

快速排序

7、堆排序(Heap Sort)

堆排序

8、计数排序(Counting Sort)

计数排序

9、桶排序(Bucket Sort)

桶排序

10、基数排序(Radix Sort)

基数排序

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简介

经典排序算法。包括冒泡排序、选择排序、插入排序、希尔排序、归并排序、快速排序、堆排序、计数排序、桶排序、基数排序等10种排序算法。 展开 收起
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